To date, the use of natural mating, the herd size and the animal age have been reported as risk factor significantly positively associated with CpHV-1 prevalence. Despite its impact on herd reproductive performance, few studies have investigated the risk factors associated with CpHV-1 infection. In general, it is not clear if clinical disease outbreaks may go unreported or if the infection is lowly pathogenic: where prevalence is high unexplained abortions and reproductive disorder, such as infertility and return to estrus, might be associated with undiagnosed infections and might cause substantial economic loss, especially in countries with many goat herds. Serological surveys indicate a worldwide distribution of CpHV-1 infection and a widespread prevalence in Mediterranean countries where goats play an important economic role, with rates of more than 50% reported for Greece and France, 36–43% for southern Italy, and 21% for Spain. In Italy, it was first isolated from latently infected goats in 1996.
More recently, CpHV-1 was isolated during an outbreak of infectious pustular vulvovaginitis in goats. įirst isolated in the 1970s in California and Switzerland from young kids with severe generalised infection, CpHV-1 has been found worldwide since then in symptomatic animals from New Zealand, Australia, Norway, and Greece. Severe disease may occur in neonatal kids characterized by pyrexia, conjunctivitis, oculonasal discharge, dyspnea, ulcerative and necrotic lesions throughout the enteric tract and high morbidity and mortality. Abortions can be induced by the infection of pregnant goats at 3–4 months of gestation. Although CpHV-1 infection is usually subclinical in adult goats, it can be responsible for different disorders including respiratory diseases, fever and leukopenia, vulvovaginitis, balanoposthitis, and neonatal mortality. ĬpHV-1 infects animals through the genital or the respiratory mucosa and establishes latent infection in sacral or trigeminal ganglia depending on the route of infection and the following spread through the body. Therefore ad hoc diagnostic strategies have been developed to discriminate the two viruses based on combination of ELISA tests. Įven though BoHV-1 virus does not play a major role in small ruminants, both the natural infection in goat by Tolari and coll., (1990) and the susceptibility to experimental infection by Six an coll. The percentage of nucleotide sequence identity for gB gene among different herpesviruses is indeed greater than 78%.
A serological testing is often inconclusive due to the antigenic similarity of ruminant alphaherpesviruses related to BoHV-1. Caprine herpesvirus 1 (CpHV-1), an alphaherpesvirus antigenically closely related to bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BoHV-1), causes systemic disease and neonatal mortality in 1- or 2-week old kids and reproductive failure in adult goats.
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